Papon's Posthumous Controversy

Should Maurice Papon be buried with his légion d'honneur? The political élite says "no", while his family and his lawyer plead "yes". The death of one of France's most controversial characters continues to stir the country.

Maurice Papon, who died last week at the age of 96, is causing controversy even after his death. Maitre Francis Vuillemin, acting as lawyer for Papon and his family, promised that his client would be buried with the celebrated Légion d'honneur, the prestigious award that was given to him by Charles de Gaulle. It was, however, taken back seven years ago after Papon was found guilty of collaboration with the Vichy régime in the second world war, and helped in the deportation of Jews. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

Reaction to the lawyer's comments has run strongly. Bernard Accoyer, who is head of the UMP group in the National Assembly, said that it would be "shocking" if Papon were to be buried with the medal, and called on Jacques Chirac to prevent it. Michèle Alliot-Marie, Minister of the Defence, said that Papon no longer held the Légion d'honneur, but "opening graves is something quite displeasing".

Naturally, Jean-Marie Le Pen declared himself in favour of burying Papon with the medal, saying that Papon was hardly the "highest placed functionary in Vichy" and that his family "deserve to pay him this last respect".

Paris Link

There's an old (2002) BBC article that gives a reasonable background to Papon's story: reprinted below in full.

Maurice Papon: Haunted by the past

Maurice Papon deftly switched allegiances, moving up the political ladder under both the Nazis and post-war government until his war crimes caught up with him.

As head of the south-western Gironde region of France during the Nazi occupation, he signed effective death warrants for hundreds of Jews by ordering their deportation to concentration camps. But he covered his tracks skilfully, becoming involved with the French Resistance, and avoided the post-war purge of collaborators.

He was even decorated by General Charles de Gaulle and became a cabinet minister more than 30 years after the war before his past was revealed.

Maurice Papon was born in the Paris region in 1910, the son of a solicitor-turned-industrialist. He studied law, sociology and psychology at university and at the age of 20 entered public service.

Clever and ambitious, he rose through its ranks and in 1942, aged 31, he took over the powerful position of General-Secretary of the Prefecture of the Gironde region, in the collaborationist Vichy government.

Collaborator turned informer

Armed with special responsibility for Jewish affairs, Papon had regular contact with Nazi Germany's SS corps, responsible for the mass ethnic cleansing of Jews. At his trial, it was alleged that 1,560 men, women and children were sent to detention camps at Drancy outside Bordeaux on Papon's direct orders. Most went on to concentration camps such as Auschwitz and all but a handful died.

By mid-1944, by which time it was clear that the war was turning against the Germans, Papon began to inform on the Nazis to the Resistance - actions for which he was later to be decorated with the treasured "Carte d'Ancien Combattant de la Resistance".

After the war, Papon moved to Paris as Prefet de Police under General de Gaulle, a post he held until 1968. He then moved into politics, going on to serve as Budget Minister to President Valery Giscard d'Estaing in the 1970s. But in 1981, the past came back to haunt him.

Hundreds of documents were found by accident in the recesses of Bordeaux town hall, among them the deportation orders signed by Papon.

Legal quagmire

The papers were published by the satirical magazine Le Canard Enchaine. Legal proceedings began and Papon had to leave public life because of the scandal.

The first charges filed in 1983 were dropped because of legal technicalities in 1987. Fresh charges laid in 1988 accusing Papon of crimes against humanity were changed to complicity in crimes against humanity in 1995.

Papon lodged a number of appeals to stop legal proceedings against him, but he finally stood trial in October 1997. Some French lawyers and human rights activists suggested that the government dragged its heels in pushing the prosecution because of its reluctance to expose French complicity in the Holocaust.

Delays continued to arise during the trial, with Papon often absent through ill-health.

His defence played heavily on possible mistaken identity and the difficulty of interpreting 50-year-old facts in the light of current knowledge.

Papon told the court that he kept his job to try to help the Resistance and conduct an underground struggle to help Jews. He also claimed he did not know what was happening to the Jews he put on the trains, but it was judged that he was guilty for complicity in war crimes.

Difficult reminder

His six-month trial was the longest in French history and stirred uncomfortable memories for many in France. Other collaborationist officials had been put on trial, but only pro-Nazi militia leader Paul Touvier was ever brought to court charged with crimes against humanity.

At the time of his trial, correspondents pointed out that Papon's case shattered the myth clung to by many French that there was mass national resistance under the occupation.

He had undoubtedly been protected for a long time by President Francois Mitterrand who, as a former Vichy official himself, had his own reasons for not raking up the past. While some hoped that the jailing of Maurice Papon would allow France to accept its past and allow a healing process to begin, his early release may yet open old wounds.

BBC